March 2nd, 2024 - Design in Multicellular Organisms
How Can Evolution Explain Life's Complexity?
Evolutionists claim to understand how life could have evolved from a simple single cell to the diversity we see today. Yet, the complexity found in multicellular organisms is hard to explain through the theory of evolution.
This podcast explores the difficulties of how evolution could explain the following:
Cellular Specialization: How do cells evolve to differentiate into specialized tissues, such as those found in skin, muscles, and our nervous system?
The Interdependence of Systems: How do vital systems like the nervous, circulatory, or respiratory systems gradually evolve along with the organs that rely on them?
Top-Down Design: Life seems to be engineered from the top down – body plans first, then organs, tissues, and finally, the cells themselves. This is more in line with intelligent design than random mutations.
Can Darwin's theory of evolution account for life's amazing complexity?
Join us as we examine the challenges evolution faces when attempting to explain the origins of multicellular life.
Transcription:
00;00;00;00 - 00;00;05;12
Jake
the past three months, we've been.
00;00;05;19 - 00;00;07;12
Speaker 5
Very good. I know. I finally.
00;00;07;12 - 00;00;50;21
Jake
Got it. Finally. Didn't say. A week past three months, we've been examining and investigating the cellular components, like the proteins, the molecular machines, and the difficulties in evolution, explaining how they came about. So this month, we are expanding that further and saying, okay, what does that mean for multi cellular organisms? So there's a lot of complexity in the cell, but there's additional layers of complexity in multicellular organisms.
00;00;50;23 - 00;01;03;26
Jake
And the question and the big idea is can Darwin's evolution account for the origins of the complexity we find in multicellular organisms?
00;01;04;01 - 00;01;06;04
Speaker 1
Yes.
00;01;06;06 - 00;01;08;23
Speaker 5
All right, let's go through.
00;01;08;25 - 00;01;18;20
Jake
That. That is the mainstream and science view that yeah, that that's how that comes about.
00;01;18;22 - 00;01;47;23
Jake
So, I mean, every living thing contains DNA and that's made up of amino acids, and then those come into proteins and then we get the cell. And, you know, there's a lot of complexity there, but cells aren't generic. We talked about how in Darwin today they viewed cells as like generic blobs of cytoplasm and they were just little blobs of jelly.
00;01;47;25 - 00;02;31;06
Jake
But that's not how cells actually work in they so cells specialize in our in our bodies, in plants and animals and all multicellular organisms. There are this the specializations has categories which is known as tissues, which should be a fairly familiar term. There are two main branches of life. We have animal life and then plant life at the very base of the tree and eat plants and animals.
00;02;31;06 - 00;03;04;14
Jake
Both have specific types of tissue, so plants have tissue types called ground dermal and vascular, and then animal tissue types, including us. They're they broke down in four main categories, which is epithelial connective muscle and nervous. So those are the main types of tissues found in life as we know them. Those those are just the broad categories. There's extra specialization within each of those categories.
00;03;04;16 - 00;03;30;26
Jake
Last week I also mentioned the word body plans. So that also comes into play here because, you know, so there's kind of like a a structure to life. At the very bottom. You have the amino acids and then the proteins and then the cells and then tissues, then the tissues then form organs and the organs then form your body plan.
00;03;30;26 - 00;03;59;06
Jake
So the body plan is the top of the pyramid and amino acids at the bottom. And we talked a little bit about how like body plans are hard to explain. They're at the very top level, like how do you get from amino acids to body fluids? It's a very difficult question. One of the concepts that kind of comes into play and it's an engineering concept, it's called top down design.
00;03;59;08 - 00;04;24;25
Jake
So if you're going to design something, I work in it. My, my profession is I design software, so I often have to think through what are all the functional things I need the software to do in. And then I create a plan and then you execute on that plan. I don't just think about what some random button is going to say.
00;04;24;27 - 00;04;46;04
Jake
I have to think through what the whole application is going to do and then I have to design it according to plan. So this idea of saying, okay, what is the purpose? And then like how does the you know, so in this in, in life situation, it's like you almost have to start with the body plan and then figure out the organs and then figure out the tissues.
00;04;46;10 - 00;05;10;15
Jake
So you have to go from the top of the pyramid down to the amino acids to fit in. And I think the real crux of that, it comes down to purpose, like we have arms so we can interact with the world, we have legs, we can walk around, we have connective tissue so that it holds our bodies together and gives us structure.
00;05;10;18 - 00;05;59;01
Jake
We have nervous cells so that we can communication signals can be sent throughout the body. These are all like systems that need engineering to make a body effective. And how I think the question is how do how does that happen? Like, how does that happen? Evolution through the theory of evolution. And I guess maybe I'll say like, what do you guys think is like, how do you think an evolution is would explain how that happens?
00;05;59;03 - 00;06;41;27
Speaker 4
I mean, how they would explain how you go from nothing like simple complexity to extreme complexity of a body plane, correct? Yeah. I mean, they would just say that you're tiny little blobs floating together, coming together just started determining what was most beneficial for the environment they're in. And then changing to benefit themselves the most for that situation because we would look at it and we would say, okay, we have this body plan that has a firm's a nervous system, but for what purpose?
00;06;41;29 - 00;06;54;07
Speaker 4
And for us we would say like, Well, the Lord knew we would need to be doing tons of stuff. And he had the whole complexity planned out and then worked backwards, like from the top of the pyramid down.
00;06;54;10 - 00;06;55;01
Jake
Right?
00;06;55;03 - 00;07;22;29
Speaker 4
But evolutionists would say it was the other way and somehow these non thinking nonentity things decided to come together in certain ways to start building proteins and then cells. And then it was advantageous for the wriggly fish to want to come out of the water. And so it decided to grow legs for it died and then if it died and blah, blah, blah.
00;07;23;01 - 00;07;28;26
Speaker 4
So it's a lot of chance and like theory and what ifs and maybes, I would assume.
00;07;28;28 - 00;07;57;02
Jake
Yeah. I mean, that's more or less correct. I mean, it's it's a series of small incremental changes that makes you go from something simple air quotes to something more complex. And, you know, those have to be like we've talked about in the past, beneficial changes at every step. Like if it's not allowed, if it's not beneficial, it's not going to get passed on.
00;07;57;04 - 00;08;04;14
Jake
So every step has to be a functional, beneficial step towards.
00;08;04;17 - 00;08;05;21
Speaker 4
An unknown purpose.
00;08;05;22 - 00;08;11;17
Jake
And it's just to survive and to pass on in like that. It's just this genetic self.
00;08;11;20 - 00;08;15;25
Speaker 2
Push by the environment that pretty much is what would force it to the next level.
00;08;15;29 - 00;08;46;07
Jake
Yeah, but then like how like I think the challenge is, is the specifics. So it's like that's theoretically plausible and I think that's where they come out. Like that's why it's a theory, you know, maybe that's how it happened. And then the question is, is there evidence of that? And like we've talked in the past, there's certain evidence of micro evolutionary changes on small scales, like that's what Darwin observed in the finches.
00;08;46;09 - 00;09;53;28
Jake
That's what we observe in dog breeds. Like there's there's definitely changes that happen based off of environmental conditions. The question is, does that explain all of life in all the diversity that we see in did we go from something very simple all the way to the diversity that is evident? So when you if we get back to like the tissues concept in the specimen like this, the specialization of tissues think through like how that comes about through small incremental beneficial changes like how do, how does a chance mutation evolve a cell to specialize for a specific role like, let's say, nervous system, when like the system itself it is its purpose doesn't exist yet right?
00;09;53;28 - 00;10;05;27
Jake
Right. Like a single nervous cell doesn't have a nervous system. Cell doesn't, you know, presumably have some purpose yet because it has dependencies.
00;10;06;00 - 00;10;10;16
Speaker 1
So it's like going back to the the rotary tail, whatever that.
00;10;10;17 - 00;10;12;10
Jake
We do. yeah. The Fidelman.
00;10;12;12 - 00;10;18;21
Speaker 1
Like you have these 17 parts or whatever. Did all 17 parts come at the same time. Yeah. Yeah. Specific purpose.
00;10;18;21 - 00;11;14;03
Jake
Yeah. Yeah. That's advantageous. And Yeah. Beneficial and just the same. But the so you, so you have this kind of problem with tissue specimens like being specified additionally like tissues don't most of the tissues form systems like so most of our organs and and stuff is actually from the at the theory of tissue epithelium your tissue type. And so that's like our skin but it's also like what is in the lining of our gut and our stomachs and like a lot of our kind of inner organs have that sort of tissue in them.
00;11;14;29 - 00;11;31;21
Jake
But to evolve a stomach out of that specialized tissue like you also need a mouth or a throat, like to get stuff in.
00;11;31;23 - 00;11;37;08
Speaker 4
Make sure it doesn't poison it and it can break it down and use it into simple sugars and fats and proteins.
00;11;37;08 - 00;11;37;27
Speaker 5
Yeah.
00;11;37;29 - 00;11;39;06
Speaker 4
Great.
00;11;39;08 - 00;12;15;12
Jake
So like, how, you know, evolution, the theory of evolution and say, you know, we talked about this also last week, the term co-option, you know, so like, that's that's how they explain a lot of these things. It's like, okay, maybe the stomach started out as just like a cellular wall. I don't know this exact how they would explain it, but, you know, they were saying some kind of simplified purpose that then, you know, grew in complexity over time as it got more advanced.
00;12;15;12 - 00;12;37;02
Jake
And again, you know, that's plausible. It's it's improbable, but it's plausible. And, you know, I think that what one of the organs is often used in intelligent design is the eye, you know, And that has also been argued that, like it could have started out as just a photosensitive cell.
00;12;37;02 - 00;12;42;21
Speaker 4
Which they have done with the brain cells. And that popped out a little. Yeah, like eyeballs.
00;12;42;23 - 00;12;43;12
Jake
Out of weird.
00;12;43;16 - 00;12;49;04
Speaker 4
That was very strange. You can look that up. It's really Yeah. They took brain cells and allowed it to grow.
00;12;49;10 - 00;12;51;21
Speaker 5
You look it up, I know you like it.
00;12;51;23 - 00;13;13;19
Speaker 4
And the picture is very strange because you have I mean, you think it. You do. Yeah. But you think brain, you think human brain and you have, like, this little tiny petri dish of brain cells. And then they watched it over. I don't know how much time it was, but then these two little black dots started to grow on the brain cell clump.
00;13;13;22 - 00;13;33;17
Speaker 4
And then it looks like a little pancake of blueberries. but it was interesting because of like the the brain cells seemed and you can read the article, I'm sure they go into much more detail, but was interesting to see that, like, these brain cells seem to understand that they need out an ability to take in information from the outside.
00;13;33;19 - 00;13;54;09
Speaker 4
And if you're just brain cells, sure, it's like having a computer that has the ability to process information. But unless you feed information somehow, then it just sits there and does nothing. And so it grew what they are calling eyeballs to seemingly pull in outside information to do what it is supposed to do is very interesting.
00;13;54;12 - 00;13;57;07
Jake
Yeah, Yeah. So in.
00;13;57;07 - 00;13;58;07
Speaker 4
That weird.
00;13;58;09 - 00;14;24;01
Jake
The theory of evolution says that we get all of the diversity of life from these changes. What, what would it require for one species to turn into another species? Like what are the what are some of the changes that would need to occur to go from one body plant species to another?
00;14;24;04 - 00;14;25;16
Speaker 5
Full skeletal?
00;14;25;19 - 00;14;51;12
Speaker 4
Yeah. And muscular. Like what? What is it? Is it a a cell? What animal is it? the hyenas. They can eat like anything. Poison, rotting food. Their stomach is designed. The acid level in their stomach is designed to eat anything and not die. So like actual functioning of the organs, because you have fish that can breathe under water.
00;14;51;12 - 00;14;52;25
Speaker 4
And we have others that would drowned.
00;14;52;26 - 00;14;55;03
Jake
Yeah. Organ specialization, the environment.
00;14;55;03 - 00;15;06;00
Speaker 4
Yeah. Yeah. Like whole whole body plan changes because otherwise what makes it different. Yeah. There is no difference. So yeah.
00;15;06;03 - 00;15;10;18
Speaker 5
Classification appendages. Yeah. Entire lens.
00;15;10;20 - 00;15;15;09
Speaker 4
That's the ability to speak process information, speak words.
00;15;15;11 - 00;15;43;20
Jake
Yeah. I mean there's, there's so many, there's so many changes even at the macro level at the top of the body plant level. But you think of how many changes need to happen at the protein level to support that bigger level. So you end up getting an onion of problems, right? So if you if you so life in general, I can feel it's a pretend you're a biologist, you're trying to explain life.
00;15;43;26 - 00;16;13;04
Jake
That's a huge explain life. What where do you start? You know, it's a huge problem. So then you break the problem into smaller pieces. And then when you have those smaller pieces, you say, look, this could be explained by this improbable but feasible, potentially plot implausible thing. And then each level has its own highly improbable level, but maybe, maybe it could happen.
00;16;13;07 - 00;16;42;09
Jake
And then you multiply that at each of each of those levels. So like, you know, the chances of amino acids randomly coming together to create proteins and then proteins building molecular machines that support what it takes to make a cell and then a cell diversified into the right tissues that make a living and functional the viable multicellular organism.
00;16;42;12 - 00;17;14;18
Jake
And like, that's a lot of hurdles to jump. And it starts to being the question like, does that actually explain does evolution actually explain all those layers of complexity? Like when you I think what happens is the field of biology gets so it's so big because the problem is so big and they divide the problems into very small problems and they're like, okay, we've we you know, we have a theoretical framework.
00;17;14;18 - 00;17;44;15
Jake
They can explain this one tiny piece of it to some degree of acceptability. And it's like, yeah, we got that for all of these. So now like, you know, we got a theory that kind of explains how life started and continues on. But when you start to look at it a little bit more critically, you start seeing like, like this doesn't feel like a plausible explanation for the whole or we see.
00;17;44;18 - 00;18;36;17
Jake
So let's talk maybe a little bit specifically about like plants, because there's a lot of design in plants specifically, I would say the most fundamental the amazing thing about almost all plants is the fact that they do photosynthesis. So chloroplasts are the molecular machine. So a group of proteins that form a specific function is this chloroplast molecular machine in and those are found in green plants and they capture energy from the sun using the green pigmentation gold chlorophyl and during photosynthesis or chloroplasts, combine energy with water and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and sugars and through other biochemical processes.
00;18;36;17 - 00;19;01;11
Jake
This the sugars serve to feed the feed the plant and help it grow. And then minerals from the ground all coming together to, you know, make its work. And not only is that process critical for plant life, all of the other life on earth is built on top of plant life because you have.
00;19;01;13 - 00;19;03;07
Speaker 5
To serve in Genesis.
00;19;03;09 - 00;19;14;02
Jake
Yeah, Yeah. It's actually interesting, almost like, you know, Genesis started with plants, then animals. And that's exactly what we see in nature. Probably just a coincidence.
00;19;14;04 - 00;19;16;16
Speaker 5
And.
00;19;16;18 - 00;19;22;17
Jake
Yeah, like we could not exist without plants because we eat things that eat plants and we eat plants directly.
00;19;22;17 - 00;19;25;27
Speaker 5
Sometimes if we ask you.
00;19;26;00 - 00;19;28;19
Jake
You know, labor force to, you know, we do, I'll stick.
00;19;28;19 - 00;19;29;00
Speaker 1
To the white.
00;19;29;00 - 00;19;34;07
Speaker 5
Bread better.
00;19;34;10 - 00;19;46;14
Jake
So there's a dependency. And you know, you have these ecological relationships that are mutually beneficial because we give back to the plants to through manure and through.
00;19;46;16 - 00;19;46;23
Speaker 5
Our.
00;19;46;23 - 00;20;01;28
Jake
Bodies that when we die, you know, so like there's there's a seed, there is a cycle that exists between animals that is complex but well-balanced.
00;20;02;00 - 00;20;04;14
Speaker 4
It's like there's unity and design and it being.
00;20;04;19 - 00;20;06;15
Speaker 5
Just, Yeah, yeah, totally.
00;20;06;17 - 00;20;17;01
Jake
You now you even have another layer layer of complexity in design and you know, it's not just the food cycle that we depend on. Plants is also oxygen and carbon dioxide cycle.
00;20;17;03 - 00;20;17;22
Speaker 4
And moisture.
00;20;17;22 - 00;20;18;26
Jake
And moisture.
00;20;18;29 - 00;20;20;28
Speaker 1
You refer to it as the circle of life.
00;20;21;00 - 00;20;21;15
Jake
We can only.
00;20;21;15 - 00;20;22;04
Speaker 4
If you're saying.
00;20;22;04 - 00;20;23;10
Jake
Yeah, you have to see this only of.
00;20;23;13 - 00;20;28;17
Speaker 5
Things because don't some plants require.
00;20;28;24 - 00;20;30;01
Speaker 4
Like bees to.
00;20;30;05 - 00;20;33;27
Speaker 5
Pollinate each other? yeah, yeah, yeah.
00;20;34;00 - 00;21;00;12
Speaker 4
Some plants are only are pollinated by flies like not even just bees, but certain wasps and flies crazy like there's some plants. That's not a book that we were talking about earlier. The evolution of a creationist. But that book. But it's by Joe Martin. Anyway, it's an interesting book because it talks about different plants and animals, but the there are certain plants that are the exact right size for a very specific wasp.
00;21;00;17 - 00;21;19;13
Speaker 4
That is the only bug that can pollinate it. And it's like that is just wild any bigger. It would be something else and that something else wouldn't eat or wouldn't roll in the pollen that that flower needs for that pollination. It's very interesting. But going off topic very well.
00;21;19;16 - 00;21;50;09
Jake
Yeah. So you have plants play an important role in the ecology and there's a whole nother level of complexity there. But, you know, if you go back to the plant cell, like the plant cells have specialized, like they're specialized, they have cell walls that, you know, animals don't have, which gives them the rigidity and it makes them kind of more like Lego blocks than floating goofballs do.
00;21;50;13 - 00;21;50;26
Jake
But, you.
00;21;50;29 - 00;21;53;05
Speaker 5
Know.
00;21;53;07 - 00;22;22;22
Jake
And like, they give the plant a structure and, you know, you see these in, you know, grasses and annuals and it allows them to spread and grow quickly. And then you have things like trees and shrubs which require an extra layer of specialization, basically. What do you plants are strengthened by the walls of their older dead cells. So like the den cells end up being part of the structure of a tree.
00;22;22;25 - 00;22;24;10
Jake
And you know, they're.
00;22;24;12 - 00;22;25;27
Speaker 4
That the rings that we see.
00;22;25;29 - 00;22;57;04
Jake
Pretty much. Yeah, I think. I think so. I think so, yeah. So yeah like they, you know, there's, there's a living component to a tree, but there's also like it's built in the bones are almost the dead cells that are in there, which is kind of crazy, but it allows them to grow strong in tall. So the plant tissues I mentioned earlier, but we have what's called ground tissues, and that's the site where photosynthesis and for food storage happens.
00;22;57;07 - 00;23;29;23
Jake
And then dermal tissue on a plant is like the skin of the plant. And a lot of times that has like a waxy covering on it to help it protect it. But there's also a specific dermal called stomata that allows for the exchange of gases of oxygen and carbon dioxide. So like, they are, you know, they're pretty complex cellular structure just in itself because it's protecting just like a cell wall has to keep some things out.
00;23;30;00 - 00;23;55;00
Jake
Actually, everything that it lives has this requirement of keeping some things out, but letting some things in, you know, like our bodies are the same way, like we have skin to protect us, but we've got to take in nutrients and oxygen and stuff like that. So we need mechanisms to filter things out. Planes are the same way. They need to take in certain, you know, they take in carbon dioxide and expel oxygen.
00;23;55;00 - 00;24;24;11
Jake
When we do the opposite. And it's a fundamental aspect of of life. Plants also have vascular tissues made of xylem and flow them. So the xylem is what conducts water and materials from the roots upwards into the plant. And then finally, loam is the opposite, which it takes sugars and materials and down from the leaves through the rest of the plant.
00;24;24;14 - 00;24;56;08
Jake
And so that's the mean for tissue types that plants have. And I mean evolutionists are confident that they so they give us a quote in here in this book. It says evolutionists are confident, confidently assert that they know that the plant structure is involved going as far as to say and declare that there are there is there are overwhelming evidences that fall and plants evolved from primitive water to open plants.
00;24;56;10 - 00;25;34;24
Jake
However, a evolutionist, Brian Capone, admits that scientists don't fully understand how plants develop. He says how this process of cell differentiation takes place is still not precisely understood, nor is it known how tissues assume the unique pattern and character character actors eye characterization, such as the anatomy of roots, stems and leaves. There are only some of the these are only some of the many unsolved mysteries around plant development.
00;25;34;27 - 00;25;43;19
Jake
So, like, you know, on one hand you have this very confident, hey, this stuff involved and on the other hand it's like, well, we don't even really know how leaves form.
00;25;43;21 - 00;25;45;10
Speaker 5
Which we call, but we don't you know.
00;25;45;12 - 00;25;49;22
Jake
It's like there seems to be some you know.
00;25;49;24 - 00;25;50;24
Speaker 2
A lot of gaps.
00;25;50;26 - 00;25;59;27
Jake
Yeah. There's a lot of like the yeah, it's like we're confident that this has happening, but we don't really know how. And then it's like, how can you say that?
00;25;59;27 - 00;26;04;22
Speaker 4
That's what are those one things call it that plant's gross or the g.
00;26;04;24 - 00;26;05;18
Jake
O galls.
00;26;05;25 - 00;26;06;18
Speaker 5
Because it goes.
00;26;06;24 - 00;26;07;21
Jake
Something like that. Yeah.
00;26;07;27 - 00;26;11;09
Speaker 4
Like I remember reading an article about that not that long ago.
00;26;11;10 - 00;26;12;05
Jake
Yeah, it's interesting.
00;26;12;05 - 00;26;32;05
Speaker 4
Because, like, if you've ever looked at a plant and different I don't know if it's specific to certain plants or if all plants do this, but I remember reading this article specifically because it was from someone who's not creationist. They are more of a like a botanist and just talking about how confusing I think they're called galls. I think you're right.
00;26;32;06 - 00;26;38;07
Speaker 4
Yeah. But there are little tumors that grow on plants, like little bumps.
00;26;38;09 - 00;26;38;22
Speaker 5
That grow.
00;26;38;22 - 00;26;58;03
Speaker 4
On leaves. Maybe the stems. I've I've seen them on leaves. I just, you know, as part of do you know, I'm talking about they just they don't know why but the plant grows those to protect bugs. There is no benefit to the plant at all because it's a pest. You have this bug on the tree that is a pest.
00;26;58;06 - 00;27;32;15
Speaker 4
You have to look it up and get into more detail. I can't remember the specifics, but basically that's what it is, is plants grow these goals and protect these little bugs to no benefit of the plant. It's all 100% beneficial to the bug. And there's late botanists were like, We have no idea why, because there's no purpose. There doesn't seem to be a black and white thing as to why these plants have always done this for a very long time, and I'm sure someday someone will probably figure out that there's a protein or like a gas exchange, and that would be wonderful.
00;27;32;15 - 00;27;41;01
Speaker 4
But so far it it it's like the plants are like, I got you for no reason for this bug.
00;27;41;03 - 00;27;44;19
Speaker 2
But contrary to the idea that, yeah.
00;27;44;21 - 00;27;52;09
Speaker 4
Everything is for the benefit of separate beneficial. Yeah, yeah, yeah. It's very strange to me.
00;27;52;11 - 00;28;14;15
Jake
Yeah. So that kind of covers the plant tissues and kind of the plant lifecycle. And you can see there's a lot of complexities going in there and there's a lot of inner relation and all dependencies between systems. You know, again, like my career as a software designer, dependencies come in all the time. Like certain systems depend on other systems.
00;28;14;15 - 00;28;49;16
Jake
So you can't build a system without this fundamental layer over here first in that is all over life. And how does that incrementally happen? It's tough to explain. And in my view, evolution does not do it well. So let's let's move to animals instead of plants. And I think these tissues are probably a little bit more familiar because we're.
00;28;49;19 - 00;28;50;06
Speaker 5
Animals.
00;28;50;06 - 00;29;03;16
Jake
We're more we are built like animals and we have the same tissue types. So nervous tissue, I'm sure you guys are aware that nervous tissue is.
00;29;03;18 - 00;29;04;01
Speaker 1
80.
00;29;04;03 - 00;29;05;03
Speaker 5
Tons.
00;29;05;06 - 00;29;34;27
Jake
Does didn't get one together. it's what our our brains are made of and our spinal cords. You know, they're responsible for sending signals and processing things in our brains, which is a very whole. Another topic. But, you know, a single nerve, nerve cells called a neuron. They are, you know, they're an interesting cell in and of themselves.
00;29;34;29 - 00;30;24;29
Jake
They have dendrites and acciones. So the dendrites are like the pieces that go out in the axon is kind of like this tail like structure. And they they, they send impulses from one another. There's there's a lot that goes into those. And I don't think I'll cover all of that. But, you know, they're their biological functions like the purpose for them existing is, you know, no less than triggering a heartbeat or detecting heat and cold and processing pain and making sure that our off like our automatic systems are working.
00;30;25;02 - 00;30;27;13
Jake
Very important cell type.
00;30;27;15 - 00;30;30;15
Speaker 4
We don't notice them until they're not working.
00;30;30;17 - 00;30;59;11
Jake
Yeah, which is probably true of all of these but you know like I think you know what's interesting about nervous cells and honestly there's a place all of these tissue times but like how how, why would they exist without their function of transmitting signals? And that's a that's a head scratcher, you know, like, you know, maybe it was like, you know, like something kind of like muscle, like signal of, like twitching.
00;30;59;11 - 00;31;02;11
Jake
So you like, twitch through water or something like that.
00;31;02;13 - 00;31;42;04
Speaker 4
But you see people like that's a that's a disorder that usually isn't diagnosed until a kid is like seven or eight years old. But it's a genetic disorder where, like, pain is not like your nervous system is not functioning properly and you have these kids that don't feel pain and like nobody notices until like an arm is broken or they bite their tongue on them, like bite a chunk off their tongue, they get burnt and you recognize that these kids, it's not a fear thing because sometimes they get like, they're autistic and so they're not communicating or they have no fear.
00;31;42;12 - 00;32;16;23
Speaker 4
But it's that they don't experience pain because their nervous system is not functioning the way it's supposed to. And you look at them and you're like, Now that would be ideal. How cool would it be? Not to feel pain, not to feel broken things and things like that? And it's like, okay, so there's a living example of if you're if this nervous system just existed but didn't do what it seems to be designed to do, and their lives are not better because when you break your leg and don't know about it and then it says funny because it's not telling you that now your bone is not where it should be.
00;32;16;29 - 00;32;47;18
Speaker 4
Their limbs grow inappropriately sized or they get infections because there's a burn or a break or cut and they don't know it. And it doesn't bother them because they're nervous system and saying like, ouch, ouch, ouch, fix it. And so then like they get sick, things like that. So the fact that it functions for the entire body had to be thought through prior to did you have an example of what happens when you have it and it's not doing its purpose?
00;32;47;20 - 00;32;49;04
Speaker 4
It's not beneficial.
00;32;49;06 - 00;33;18;27
Jake
Yeah, for sure. Yeah. And think about this like once a I evolved a new organ, somehow it happened. House Yeah, exactly. It's a little bit, a little bit worrisome, but it wouldn't do anything unless it was integrated through the nervous system, right? Like just because it's there, it also has to be hooked up.
00;33;18;29 - 00;33;22;08
Speaker 4
To Is it a tumor? Yeah, it out.
00;33;22;11 - 00;33;23;16
Speaker 5
That's. That has to be there.
00;33;23;18 - 00;34;07;29
Jake
Yeah. It's like putting a new engine in a car and not wiring it up. Wiring is probably more work than putting the engine in in a in a lot of cases. And the interesting thing is, is evolutionary explanations of new organs rarely, if ever, account for the neural circuitry necessary to control that. So, you know, like, how do you explain that there is no explanation, there's a pop up or no one of a wealth of a good thinker and intelligent design.
00;34;08;02 - 00;34;26;17
Jake
David Berlinski wrote this If these changes come about simultaneously, it makes no sense to talk of gradual evolution If they do not come about simultaneously. It is not clear why they should come about at all like.
00;34;26;19 - 00;34;27;07
Speaker 4
You would like.
00;34;27;07 - 00;34;28;20
Jake
David Berlinski Yeah, you would.
00;34;28;22 - 00;34;30;18
Speaker 4
You need to look him up. Yeah.
00;34;30;23 - 00;34;32;06
Speaker 5
Okay.
00;34;32;08 - 00;34;40;18
Jake
He's a mathematician and he's a he's actually he's, he's, he's a.
00;34;40;20 - 00;34;42;19
Speaker 4
He's Jewish by birth.
00;34;42;21 - 00;34;44;20
Speaker 5
And Polish. Yeah.
00;34;44;22 - 00;35;07;24
Speaker 4
But like, Like God. God is just not interesting, needed or desired by him at all. He's probably not well loved by people because he's just so intelligent and highly thought of himself. But at the same time, he would be someone that you would look at be like, well, evolution all the way, like mechanics and this and that.
00;35;07;25 - 00;35;33;19
Speaker 4
Natural processes. But his books and his discussions, it's the complete opposite. He's like, How do you not see that there's design in this designer? Who cares? But he I appreciate his perspective because he just I mean, he's rude, but he calls it for what it is regardless and doesn't acknowledge a designer in any way. It's purely right. Look at this.
00;35;33;19 - 00;35;38;01
Jake
He doesn't even acknowledge religion. Right. But he's a critic of evolution.
00;35;38;01 - 00;35;39;11
Speaker 4
Right. That's a better way to put it.
00;35;39;17 - 00;35;39;27
Jake
So.
00;35;40;02 - 00;35;49;22
Speaker 2
So he's not on either side. You're just in the middle. Yeah. There's too many gaps in their version, but the the designer is too far fetched or something.
00;35;49;22 - 00;35;59;04
Jake
Yeah. Like, I think he I think he's open to a designer, but he doesn't, he doesn't know. He basically he would I would presume he would say he just doesn't know. Yeah. And like.
00;35;59;07 - 00;36;00;12
Speaker 5
That's.
00;36;00;14 - 00;36;01;04
Jake
As far so.
00;36;01;11 - 00;36;05;13
Speaker 4
Which is valid like you can't know but like that's where faith comes in.
00;36;05;13 - 00;36;05;28
Speaker 2
He doesn't know.
00;36;05;28 - 00;36;12;27
Speaker 4
What like you can't just like, go knock on God's door. Are you God. Nice to meet you. Can I, like, get a DNA sample?
00;36;12;27 - 00;36;14;01
Speaker 5
Exactly. Yeah.
00;36;14;04 - 00;36;29;22
Jake
You know, with many with many things, including Christianity, there's a jump of faith. Yeah, like, there's this. Like what? I know, but, like, here's where I'm jumping to. Yep. In a faith aspect, yes. He's not willing to do that, but he sees that. He sees the.
00;36;29;24 - 00;36;36;22
Speaker 4
He's creeping towards the end of the like line. So maybe right before he enters eternity like I don't.
00;36;36;22 - 00;36;40;10
Jake
But he's a great thinker. He has a lot of interesting stuff.
00;36;40;12 - 00;36;43;05
Speaker 4
His interviews are fantastic.
00;36;43;08 - 00;36;50;00
Jake
What's this guy's name? David Berlinski. B e, r, l, i an s k i.
00;36;50;02 - 00;36;52;15
Speaker 4
He's very eccentric. And so when you find him, you'll.
00;36;52;15 - 00;36;55;03
Speaker 5
Know you're.
00;36;55;03 - 00;36;59;03
Speaker 1
Reading like, his little bio on his website. He uses a lot of interesting words.
00;36;59;03 - 00;36;59;20
Speaker 5
Yes, he does.
00;36;59;21 - 00;37;00;16
Speaker 1
Morass.
00;37;00;16 - 00;37;01;10
Speaker 5
Yup.
00;37;01;13 - 00;37;09;14
Speaker 4
Raconteur And he like sets with a cane. I don't think he actually said but he like has it. It also interviews. He just sits there with this cane.
00;37;09;17 - 00;37;12;28
Speaker 5
I'm like, what are you doing with that?
00;37;13;01 - 00;37;13;19
Speaker 4
he really hates.
00;37;13;20 - 00;37;19;24
Speaker 5
That's why I like a lot talks about X. Why is that? I remember that.
00;37;19;27 - 00;37;22;15
Speaker 4
Was Stephen Meyer when they had an interview. Anyway.
00;37;23;14 - 00;37;41;29
Jake
So I mean, so in the animal kingdom, an example of an interesting neurological adaptation would be echolocation in bats and in dolphins. How do you like That's a challenging thing to explain. Echolocation Yeah, Yeah.
00;37;41;29 - 00;37;42;23
Speaker 2
So Radar.
00;37;42;26 - 00;37;44;22
Jake
Yeah, both like.
00;37;44;25 - 00;37;45;01
Speaker 5
They.
00;37;45;06 - 00;37;49;23
Jake
Chirp and then they hear them, you know, that's how they navigate while flying around.
00;37;49;26 - 00;37;54;02
Speaker 4
But it's not just hearing. It's like the electronic or the.
00;37;54;03 - 00;37;55;12
Speaker 5
Yeah, they seems near.
00;37;55;15 - 00;38;01;19
Jake
The sense how far they are from things. It's, it's basically their way of seeing the world.
00;38;01;21 - 00;38;11;20
Speaker 4
Which people do. There's a blind person that I saw on a show not that long ago. He's blind and he's figured out he walks into a room and he clicks. Yeah. Do you remember seeing that?
00;38;11;25 - 00;38;12;00
Speaker 5
yeah.
00;38;12;08 - 00;38;24;11
Speaker 4
I think it was like on the History Channel million years ago. But that guy, he walked into a room and he would click, he would make clicking sounds with his tongue and his echolocation. As of human.
00;38;24;13 - 00;38;25;07
Speaker 5
Beings, he's like.
00;38;25;07 - 00;38;56;01
Jake
Daredevil kind of. Yeah, you wouldn't know. But yeah, that's kind of it. But echolocation is an interesting thing to explain evolutionary because like, you can't okay, you send a signal, then you hear it come back. You have to process what that means. And you know, bats do it in a way where they can do it fast enough and with enough accuracy where they can fly.
00;38;56;03 - 00;38;56;20
Speaker 5
Yeah.
00;38;56;23 - 00;39;30;18
Jake
Which is pretty incredible. okay. So moving on to muscle tissue. Muscle tissue is pretty self-explanatory. It's the it's the muscles. And, you know, there are multiple types of muscle tissue. There's smooth cardiac and skeletal. So smooth muscles are going to be like the ones found in your gut. And, you know, they're kind of like the ones that are used in organs to push food through fingers.
00;39;30;20 - 00;39;31;11
Jake
You know.
00;39;31;14 - 00;39;36;06
Speaker 5
You have a whole bunch of them. Just one. Yeah, have a whole bunch of.
00;39;36;08 - 00;40;06;05
Jake
So in cardiac or obviously your heart, heart muscles and then skeletal muscles are the ones you use to move around. Muscle tissue is driven by a specific well, there's many molecular machines involved in it. Myosin is probably the most important one. And it's a motor machine that pulled this off along a track. It's composed of long proteins called actin filaments.
00;40;06;10 - 00;40;06;22
Speaker 5
And.
00;40;06;24 - 00;40;37;07
Jake
To form the base of muscle contraction. So when a muscle movement happens, it requires the combined action of trillions of myosin motors. So you think, you know, you know, we move all the time like trillions of some of these molecular machines contracting at the same time just for one single muscle movement. And all of that is coordinated to to work flawlessly.
00;40;37;07 - 00;40;40;22
Jake
Yeah, really? 99.9% of the time.
00;40;40;27 - 00;40;43;00
Speaker 4
Unless you sneeze wrong on your back.
00;40;43;02 - 00;41;14;14
Jake
Yeah. Yeah, that's we have a chapter on that. do we really. Well we have a there's a chapter coming up on the idea of poor, poor design in nature. Like it's a, it's a counter argument to intelligent design like the appendix in like the, you know, the what's the term called the like useless organs, the term off the top of the head.
00;41;14;14 - 00;41;16;01
Jake
It's almost there, but it's not.
00;41;16;03 - 00;41;20;16
Speaker 4
Like your uvula is not there for the dangling things back to your throat.
00;41;20;18 - 00;41;21;26
Jake
The gag reflex.
00;41;21;26 - 00;41;24;14
Speaker 5
Well, some people know that.
00;41;24;17 - 00;41;25;24
Speaker 4
Like what? What?
00;41;25;24 - 00;41;28;14
Speaker 5
That's what's in there for.
00;41;28;16 - 00;41;31;26
Speaker 4
People going to take it out all the time seen in.
00;41;31;29 - 00;41;34;12
Speaker 5
There. I'm just saying.
00;41;34;15 - 00;41;39;25
Jake
Yeah, I did not research that ahead of time. So I can do an extreme thing.
00;41;39;27 - 00;41;40;18
Speaker 4
Like whatever.
00;41;40;19 - 00;41;43;19
Jake
Like how? I mean, those are your tonsils. So you're thinking of.
00;41;43;19 - 00;41;48;12
Speaker 5
No, no, I know it now. Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah. What does that Therefore.
00;41;48;14 - 00;41;49;14
Jake
It's a word.
00;41;49;17 - 00;41;50;22
Speaker 4
I don't believe in.
00;41;50;25 - 00;41;54;20
Jake
Almost most parts of it. I don't believe that you can look it up.
00;41;54;22 - 00;41;57;03
Speaker 5
It's that big stuff from going down.
00;41;57;06 - 00;41;59;14
Speaker 2
Down there is very bad.
00;41;59;16 - 00;42;00;21
Speaker 5
And there's no way.
00;42;00;23 - 00;42;02;26
Speaker 1
I know. I wish I could do it for my teeth without gagging.
00;42;02;28 - 00;42;04;17
Speaker 5
But.
00;42;04;20 - 00;42;14;15
Speaker 1
It made fun of all the time for me in the kitchen making breakfast. And then from the bathroom just.
00;42;14;17 - 00;42;18;04
Speaker 4
Those little areas. I'll sort swallowers.
00;42;18;06 - 00;42;18;15
Speaker 5
Until.
00;42;18;15 - 00;42;20;13
Speaker 4
You can overcome it. You were right there.
00;42;20;13 - 00;42;21;18
Speaker 5
For a.
00;42;21;21 - 00;42;26;09
Speaker 4
If it's no longer useful. I'm just saying it doesn't seem to be you.
00;42;26;11 - 00;42;27;13
Jake
You just get by with this.
00;42;27;13 - 00;42;39;06
Speaker 1
It seems to be up for debate. This article says it's to prevent food from choking you. This one says it secretes saliva to moisten your mouth. This person says it helps your speech.
00;42;39;12 - 00;42;41;01
Jake
What? It's probably all of those things.
00;42;41;04 - 00;42;46;11
Speaker 4
Probably none of those things. It's just better to grow the singing from the back of our throats to be weird.
00;42;46;19 - 00;42;50;22
Speaker 5
Maybe that's it. Do all animals have it anyway?
00;42;50;24 - 00;42;51;18
Speaker 2
We skip ahead.
00;42;51;24 - 00;42;52;23
Jake
Yeah. I don't think we.
00;42;52;23 - 00;42;54;21
Speaker 5
Have to talk about the yellow.
00;42;54;23 - 00;42;55;15
Jake
If we talk about.
00;42;55;15 - 00;42;56;06
Speaker 4
The well.
00;42;56;06 - 00;42;57;02
Jake
Specifically.
00;42;57;02 - 00;42;57;20
Speaker 5
We should.
00;42;57;20 - 00;43;01;11
Jake
But I mean, it's obviously something that interests you so.
00;43;01;13 - 00;43;03;17
Speaker 5
We can in humans. Is it.
00;43;03;20 - 00;43;05;08
Speaker 4
See, it's not it's.
00;43;05;09 - 00;43;09;06
Speaker 1
According to the Sage Pub Journal Scone. Yeah.
00;43;09;09 - 00;43;47;15
Jake
Wikipedia is an example of maybe an extreme muscular animal. Might not be what you would expect, but hummingbirds are extremely impressive. Inefficient creatures like their bone structure is super powerful and muscular, so that allows their wings to beat up to 70 to 75 times per second or higher. That's what the humming sound comes from. Their metabolism is on like overdrive, meaning they end up having to eat over their body weight every day.
00;43;47;18 - 00;44;08;19
Jake
In a world that was in that in here. But yeah, they have to eat a lot. They're also extremely like their flying ability is out now. Like our most advanced helicopters and planes have nothing on Hummingbird. They can hover upside down.
00;44;08;21 - 00;44;18;26
Speaker 4
It's crazy. It it's like, what's the like? Is there a lot of similarities with dragonflies and hummingbirds?
00;44;18;28 - 00;44;29;05
Jake
Probably in their maneuver ability, I would say. But like the way they accomplish it is different. Yeah, dragonflies are very efficient fliers as well, but that's because they have the quad wings.
00;44;29;08 - 00;44;31;01
Speaker 4
And if you've seen, do.
00;44;31;03 - 00;44;33;19
Jake
They have like the quad wings?
00;44;33;21 - 00;44;37;22
Speaker 5
Wings. Yes, I know you have probably I would.
00;44;37;22 - 00;44;42;00
Speaker 1
Say good argument support. That is how humans design things after animal.
00;44;42;02 - 00;44;43;01
Speaker 5
Yeah.
00;44;43;04 - 00;44;49;06
Speaker 1
We're like that's during design. A syringe. That's like a cutting. Like a mosquito. Yeah.
00;44;49;08 - 00;44;49;29
Jake
Yeah, for sure.
00;44;50;00 - 00;44;50;05
Speaker 1
Yes.
00;44;50;07 - 00;45;11;22
Jake
Puncturing or. Yeah. We look for inspiration in nature all the time. I mean, there's a whole field of bio mimicry. That's what it's called, I think biomimicry, engineering and yeah, a lot of research is done in that in like even in robotics, they're using night vision.
00;45;11;24 - 00;45;18;00
Speaker 4
Those things do these things like study things that seem that hour for night. They can. How did you get.
00;45;18;01 - 00;45;21;13
Jake
Out of sure it all with a random example I'm.
00;45;21;13 - 00;45;22;05
Speaker 4
Curious.
00;45;22;07 - 00;45;23;03
Jake
I it.
00;45;23;03 - 00;45;24;01
Speaker 1
Works in night vision.
00;45;24;01 - 00;45;30;21
Speaker 5
Goggles. Let's go next to yeah yeah.
00;45;30;21 - 00;45;41;18
Jake
Hummingbird's heartbeats. Five to 500 to 600 times a minute. We're using spin when they're like it really go anything. It can go as fast as 100 times or a thousand times per minute.
00;45;41;18 - 00;45;48;04
Speaker 5
That's insane. They call that tachycardia. You know, you need to call calm. Yeah.
00;45;48;07 - 00;46;00;15
Jake
Yeah. The amount of design in that the hummingbird is pretty amazing. And it's like a like it beats all of the things humankind has made for sure.
00;46;00;17 - 00;46;03;23
Speaker 1
Can the resting heart rate of hummingbird.
00;46;03;26 - 00;46;05;25
Speaker 4
At rest and it will die.
00;46;06;01 - 00;46;08;15
Speaker 5
In.
00;46;08;18 - 00;46;11;02
Jake
It's very restful under 50.
00;46;11;04 - 00;46;12;14
Speaker 5
GS.
00;46;12;16 - 00;46;18;04
Speaker 4
But awful. I mean, good for it. It's supposed to be that way.
00;46;18;06 - 00;46;59;04
Jake
So epithelial tissue. We talked about that a little bit. It's, you know, meant for protecting outer services of the body, keeping bacteria and other elements, harmful elements out. It's also, like I mentioned, like responsible for absorbing nutrients and key. So not only does it keep things out that it absorbs certain things in one interesting example in the animal kingdom of epithelial is actually fish, fish, lungs or fish gills.
00;46;59;06 - 00;47;17;20
Jake
They have special mechanisms. So like saltwater fish have special mechanisms to keep salt out in freshwater fish and special mechanisms to keep salt like salt in which is why you can't have Salt Lake. That's why.
00;47;17;22 - 00;47;22;10
Speaker 4
They're different that but like they have found sharks in Mississippi.
00;47;22;15 - 00;47;24;19
Jake
That's more of like they can tolerate it.
00;47;24;21 - 00;47;25;07
Speaker 4
Okay.
00;47;25;08 - 00;47;25;27
Jake
You know, because.
00;47;25;27 - 00;47;28;17
Speaker 4
I just assume they would just die. But it's a toleration level.
00;47;28;17 - 00;47;29;03
Speaker 5
Yeah.
00;47;29;05 - 00;47;54;13
Jake
It's I haven't looked into it specifically, but my guess would be that, you know, salt sharks live in the ocean in fresh water. So like they their gills are keeping salt out for the most part and they get most of the salt they need so they can like, you know, think of it as like holding their breath for sure, you know, like, yeah, something of that nature where they can go into rivers and stuff like that for quite a ways.
00;47;54;13 - 00;47;56;17
Jake
But they couldn't stay there for forever.
00;47;56;19 - 00;48;04;15
Speaker 2
I don't think so. Could it be an example of some micro evolution and if there they're, if they're constantly in the area where the what do they call them.
00;48;04;17 - 00;48;06;11
Speaker 4
Breakwater Yeah, yeah.
00;48;06;13 - 00;48;07;02
Jake
Yeah, yeah.
00;48;07;03 - 00;48;09;15
Speaker 2
Where it's kind of mixed in they.
00;48;09;20 - 00;48;11;21
Jake
They get eventually to.
00;48;11;23 - 00;48;17;10
Speaker 2
Develop. Yeah maybe are more freshwater tolerant.
00;48;17;15 - 00;48;19;00
Speaker 5
Yeah. Yeah.
00;48;19;02 - 00;48;48;19
Jake
And I think that's an interesting call because we do see micro evolution and we do see adaptations, we do see things like that in like, like I've said multiple times, it's like a lot of the theories of evolution are plausible. It's not that they're like ridiculous, like an individual theory of evolution. It's like, yeah, that's, that's plausible. I see why people, you know, hold to that.
00;48;48;22 - 00;49;28;00
Jake
But I think it's the cumulative abducting of argument of like all of these things put together makes it harder to say that it's a valid hypothesis and there's just a lot of holes in it, you know, you know, those things alone are, you know, reasons to have doubt. On the validity of the complete evolution theory. However, you know, there are you know, I would never this is a, you know, a personal opinion.
00;49;28;03 - 00;49;58;06
Jake
I would never say like, hey, let's get rid of the evolution of theory, the theory of evolution, like, I think there are uses for it, like we're learning stuff from it, like it's pushing, you know, like people are doing experiments, they're doing research. The thing that I have the biggest problem with is their dogmatic approach to it, like the fact that they're only willing to think through this one materialistic explanation.
00;49;58;08 - 00;50;12;23
Jake
Yeah, it's it's a framework for understanding how things come together, but it's not the only framework you can use. Intelligent design is a valid framework for understanding and interpreting. The evidence is.
00;50;12;25 - 00;50;16;25
Speaker 4
it seems strange because you're bringing a deity and they're like.
00;50;16;27 - 00;50;30;11
Jake
Well, and, and yeah, like, I think that's the distaste is he gets it gets wrapped up in creationism and religion and stuff like that. And they're like, that's, that's not us.
00;50;30;14 - 00;50;31;06
Speaker 4
It's not hard science.
00;50;31;07 - 00;50;56;19
Jake
Yeah, but like, you know, just seeing that there's an intelligent actor that seems to be playing a role, I mean, that doesn't require religion. I mean, you can say, Hey, aliens did it. That's an intelligent actor. I mean, it still begs the question of where they came from. But, you know, he can push that out. But like, you know, so like, it's not necessarily a religious thing.
00;50;56;19 - 00;51;37;14
Jake
I mean, it can be a scientific area of research. so yeah, continuing for the the last one, connective tissue, as you can imagine, is like cartilage bone tendons that that sort of thing. The things that build the structure of, of being animals. You know, a lot of times you can think of, well, okay, so I'll get there in a second.
00;51;37;14 - 00;52;01;22
Jake
But I mean one example they give of, you know, some extreme animal connective tissue would be in like elephants. They have obviously giant bodies that need a lot of connective tissue, but their feet have special I mean, if you look at the elephant foot, it kind of looks like fake. It just kind of looks like a nub. It's like, I don't know.
00;52;01;22 - 00;52;02;21
Jake
Will they look weird.
00;52;02;27 - 00;52;04;01
Speaker 4
From just like just.
00;52;04;01 - 00;52;08;04
Jake
From the outside? It's just like the leg and then it's, like, squared off. I don't know.
00;52;08;04 - 00;52;11;08
Speaker 5
Yeah, true. That's a Google. Yeah, yeah, yeah.
00;52;11;12 - 00;52;40;27
Jake
But, you know, the bottom of their foot is actually very sensitive, not like move to touch, but like their bottom of their feet are sensitive to infrasound. So elephants make infrasound. That's one of the ways they communicate. So infrasound being very low frequency sounds below human hearing and like they are able to make these sounds and the sound infrasound can travel through solid material very well and very long distances.
00;52;41;00 - 00;52;49;12
Jake
So it goes through the ground and elephants feet can pick up these infrasound that are shaking the ground.
00;52;49;14 - 00;52;51;25
Speaker 4
And they look like our feet in high heels.
00;52;51;28 - 00;52;56;29
Jake
That they do. Yeah.
00;52;57;02 - 00;53;01;14
Speaker 4
They did that. You talk if you talk when they were talking about the angle.
00;53;01;17 - 00;53;01;21
Jake
yeah.
00;53;01;22 - 00;53;28;25
Speaker 4
So then they talk about the elephant like because it's like they're so similar and like the ankle itself is so well engineered, and yet it's a little different in humans because of our ability to do that, like to run, to walk, to go from like nothing to movement. And like, I think they showed a picture of an elephant's foot because like, is that a person and a giant boot like x ray wise?
00;53;28;25 - 00;53;51;23
Speaker 4
And they're like, right, it's an elephant's foot because that, that design that engineer of an ankle is just so pristine that it translates amongst a lot of mammals. But ours is different because of our upright ability to walk runs, get all of that. So ours is just a touch different with our muscles. Yeah. Connective tissue.
00;53;51;25 - 00;53;52;12
Speaker 5
Anyway.
00;53;52;14 - 00;54;39;02
Jake
So talking about all these tissue types and how bodies come together for multicellular organisms, we can draw some analogies, right? So we, we as humans, we engineer things, we design things, we build things, and a lot of the core tissue types have corresponding analogies to the things that we build, right? So if you dig a car, for example, and I kind of alluded to this earlier, but like a car's nervous system is like all the wiring from the battery to the alternator, the spark plugs, the computer chips, like that's very similar to our our nervous system.
00;54;39;04 - 00;55;11;27
Jake
Muscular tissue might be compared to the engine, the belts, the driveshaft, all of those that make movement, the ethereal might be epithelium, might be more of like the the paint and wax on the on the outside of the car And obviously the the frame and the structure would be the connective tissues. So there's like these parallels between our engineering and what is engineered in nature.
00;55;11;29 - 00;55;18;27
Jake
We don't look at a car and think that it evolved from things, right? We assume or somebody.
00;55;18;29 - 00;55;23;10
Speaker 5
You know, I mean, you saying.
00;55;23;12 - 00;55;25;12
Jake
The design evolved? Yeah, for sure.
00;55;25;12 - 00;55;31;02
Speaker 4
Yeah. But you would never be like, you know, or somebody happened and then we got cars. Yeah, it was wild well over.
00;55;31;03 - 00;56;05;04
Jake
Like our ability to engineer evolved is really what happened. Yeah. and so, like, yeah, it's just interesting. I think I'm calling out. It's interesting that we see things that we've made and like, you know, we're a bit bias because we know we made them. But with life we said it happened some other way. Like we know like we know complex systems arise through intelligent action in life.
00;56;05;07 - 00;56;14;09
Jake
A life is a complex system even more than anything that we've done. But it happened through evolution, not through intelligent action.
00;56;14;10 - 00;56;26;29
Speaker 4
It seems almost like a prideful thing. I'm like, Well, we didn't do it, so it just happened. It's like, come on, we don't. We're like, totally take credit for it. We put people on the moon. We built a rocket ship. Amazing. Curing cancer. Not yet.
00;56;27;05 - 00;56;27;19
Speaker 1
For people.
00;56;27;19 - 00;56;28;01
Speaker 5
On the moon.
00;56;28;02 - 00;56;49;13
Speaker 4
Allegedly, or at the Hollywood studio, whatever you prefer. But then when we're like, if it if we didn't have a hand in it, us personally as the human race really happened, it probably just happened. So interesting. Yeah, we're quick to take credit for certain things and then just be like, I don't know, we didn't I don't know.
00;56;49;16 - 00;57;29;20
Jake
Screw true. Yeah, that's true. So to kind of finish out this chapter, there's one other unique area of life that's worth calling out, and that's the lifecycle of insects. It's actually pretty amazing. There are three different processes that insects use and let's see if I can see them correctly. I think probably would butcher this a metabolism human that balances on and whole low metabolism.
00;57;29;23 - 00;57;50;17
Jake
So a metabolic system is the simplest of the three. That's where you have young insects called nymphs. They're essentially have the same body plan as the adult, often emerging from the egg. The insect undergoes only changes in size but not shape as it matures. So some examples.
00;57;50;17 - 00;57;51;28
Speaker 5
You might.
00;57;52;01 - 00;57;53;12
Jake
Trying them Yeah they're they're.
00;57;53;15 - 00;57;55;20
Speaker 4
They're the way we look and then we just get bigger.
00;57;55;20 - 00;58;33;01
Jake
Yes. Yeah that's that is basically what this type of insect does get. An example would be like the silverfish bug. So the other one is Meadow he momentum he means metabolism something of that nature probably. But during that and it's it's also known as partial metamorphosis this is where the insect undergoes a gradual progressive changes in form the these insects.
00;58;33;03 - 00;59;00;12
Jake
The change is through a process of what they like in stars, which is a periods of growth of change and then molt. So, you know, it's the changes. You know, cicadas are not that because they have I believe they are full metamorphosis because they start as male maybe, I don't know. I don't know for sure and to put that up.
00;59;00;15 - 00;59;28;23
Jake
But basically with each subsequent instar and molt, the nymph gradually changes adult form until it reaches maturity and is able to breathe. Some examples are dragonflies, grasshoppers and crickets. So a complete metamorphosis. You've probably heard of metamorphosis before, you know, that's the classic caterpillar to butterfly, but that is actually the most common in in complicated form of insect maturation.
00;59;28;26 - 00;59;30;05
Speaker 4
They realize that.
00;59;30;07 - 00;59;30;26
Jake
That is the most.
00;59;30;26 - 00;59;31;18
Speaker 5
Common, I thought.
00;59;31;23 - 00;59;42;10
Speaker 4
I think I thought that it was either the first one where they're just like, tiny get back or like you said, with crickets where they're the right size, but they just, like, create the harder shell.
00;59;42;10 - 00;59;44;02
Jake
And that's interesting. Yeah, yeah.
00;59;44;03 - 00;59;45;12
Speaker 5
Most unique in that way.
00;59;45;18 - 00;59;57;02
Jake
Animals are, you know, most of them start in a larva stage, which is just an insect that is. And the from the egg to the larva, they just eat basically that's their job.
00;59;57;02 - 00;59;57;17
Speaker 5
And then very.
00;59;57;17 - 01;00;00;09
Speaker 4
Hungry caterpillar mean the bulk of you don't know.
01;00;00;12 - 01;00;03;10
Speaker 5
You.
01;00;03;13 - 01;00;30;07
Jake
When the larval growth stop slows and stops, the organism becomes the pupa. And then so the pupa stage can have various variations. You know, the most common is like the chrysalis or the cocoon of a butterfly or moth. But other insects just develop people inside the last larval skin.
01;00;30;12 - 01;00;31;10
Speaker 4
No kidding.
01;00;31;10 - 01;01;08;14
Jake
Yeah. Which I think is what the cicada does, because, like, that's the like little don't know the things if I don't know for sure, but I'm not an entomologist who so but metamorphosis occurs when the the pupa goes through a complete transformation of its body which is super crazy. So like, the whole creature liquefies into a soup to like, the whole body plant gets broken down and then form gets, gets reformed into the adult form.
01;01;08;19 - 01;01;29;29
Speaker 4
Which is wild because if you go to basic evolution, what do they say? We crawled out of primordial. It was okay, but you have this designed worm that then does that and turns into something totally different. But people totally put together like they turn into primordial soup in their little pocket and.
01;01;29;29 - 01;01;38;06
Jake
Then the whole body breaks down. Yeah. Turns into mush, and then reforms into the beautiful butterfly.
01;01;38;09 - 01;01;39;26
Speaker 4
Transformation.
01;01;39;28 - 01;02;11;20
Jake
That's the hardest. So we think about this in terms of evolution. How does a creature evolve a lifecycle like that? Yeah, because the, the larval stage has no ability to breed. Only the adults finished after after metamorphosis. Like that's the only time they breed. So like, they're like, how do you get there? Like, how do you get to that that stage.
01;02;11;20 - 01;02;43;21
Jake
That's a very difficult thing to understand in terms of, you know, Lynch theory terms like the pupa stage is an all or nothing proposition. It must complete the process to become an adult coral, die in and never reproduce. So like the instructions for the final butterfly, if you will, has to be in place beforehand right?
01;02;43;23 - 01;02;49;17
Speaker 4
That's crazy. That's wild. Like, that's a whole that's a whole nother level.
01;02;49;17 - 01;02;56;26
Jake
It is. It entirely is. The organism could not survive a complete metamorphosis unless the entire process was fully programed from the beginning.
01;02;56;26 - 01;03;18;21
Speaker 4
Right. Because the assumption is when they're in that larva stage, like the caterpillar, and they're eating and eating and eating and eating because they're basically going into a wild hibernation, like the amount of calories and the amount of energy that it must take to liquefy and then turn back into something completely different has to be outrageously high.
01;03;18;24 - 01;03;19;21
Jake
Yeah.
01;03;19;23 - 01;03;33;08
Speaker 4
And so the preparation that in one stage of development, in order to get to that completely different like you're going from like worm to bird. Yeah, like not quite but.
01;03;33;11 - 01;03;40;18
Jake
Yeah, such like these large is, it's a large jump in complexity. Yeah. And it requires forethought and planning.
01;03;40;19 - 01;03;44;05
Speaker 4
Like an inchworm to an eagle. With what in the world. That's wild.
01;03;44;07 - 01;03;59;00
Jake
Yeah. Yeah. One evolutionary entomologist said the biggest head scratcher in evolutionary biology has to be the origin of metamorphosis and insect larva like.
01;03;59;03 - 01;03;59;26
Speaker 5
There's a book about.
01;03;59;26 - 01;04;08;26
Speaker 4
That. There's a short story, an old short story called Metamorphosis, where a guy turns into a beetle in his room to read it. Right. It's a great short story, but that's what happens.
01;04;08;27 - 01;04;12;09
Jake
So that would be all to watch the fly.
01;04;12;12 - 01;04;13;07
Speaker 5
All the same.
01;04;13;09 - 01;04;15;24
Speaker 4
So it's a great short story.
01;04;15;27 - 01;04;52;02
Jake
But, you know, I mean, think about now applying the theory of intelligent design to this problem, and it's not hard to explain it. All right. An intelligent actor programed to behave like how that happens. It's not a it's not a hard thing to explain in that point. You know, I think the counter to that be me. Like, well, that's not a satisfying answer to that, you know, And I think that might be what it comes down to a lot of from an evolutionary thing is like, I want to know how it works.
01;04;52;04 - 01;04;57;03
Jake
And just to say either an intelligent designer did it.
01;04;57;06 - 01;05;08;04
Speaker 4
But you don't even have to do that. You can you can say an intelligent designer did it and you can dive deep and watch the process to see exactly how he did it, as opposed to just like.
01;05;08;07 - 01;05;15;03
Jake
Yeah, no, I think that's a good call out. Like just because someone just because humans designed a car can learn how a car.
01;05;15;03 - 01;05;34;19
Speaker 4
Works, right? Like some people are completely like you. When you were a kid, you were completely fascinated by like how computer works and tearing it apart and putting it back together. And that was something that another person put together over a lot of people over time to perfect it. And you would think that wouldn't be very interesting from a human discovery perspective.
01;05;34;25 - 01;06;00;08
Speaker 4
But it is, and there's nothing less amazing about it. And for whatever reason, instead of being like, somebody made this, I don't care who you want to call the deity at this point, but why wouldn't you want to dive in and figure out how they went about doing it, as opposed to just saying it just happened? Don't ask questions that seem so counterintuitive of just how the human condition seems to be, which is we're curious.
01;06;00;08 - 01;06;15;12
Speaker 4
We want to know why something does what it does and who did it. And like archeology, who did this, Why did they do it? How long ago did they do it? Let's figure all that out. And nature says that about the thing that put it together. And yet we're like, we're not interested. Yeah, it's so strange.
01;06;15;14 - 01;06;53;02
Jake
Yeah, it and again, I think that gets back to like, my biggest criticism is like intelligent design is a theory. Yeah. Like, and it might even be the right one. So if we are not exploring it, then we are stifling science in some way, right? Like if, if we are just going down the wrong road and no one is even considering what could be down this intelligent design road because they're just saying no, that's just creationism and religious people trying to figure things out.
01;06;53;05 - 01;07;17;27
Jake
That's how are you going to interpret the reality the right way? You can't you can't. You have to start making systems up and you have to start making these plausible. It could have happened this way. Arguments And while that could be true, it's it's unfortunate to just say no, it's it's fundamentally against the idea of science in the first place.
01;07;18;04 - 01;07;37;03
Jake
Like, what does the evidence say? Like, that's the idea. That's what that's why people get involved in science. Like, I don't want to jump to conclusions. I want to know what the evidence says. Well, what if it points in the direction you don't want it to point it? And I think that's I think that's something where you have to work through that.
01;07;37;06 - 01;08;01;00
Jake
And and in to be fair, it goes both directions where we also have to be like, well, what if I dive into something and it starts going in the direction I don't that I'm not comfortable with you, that that is uncomfortable. And we have to figure out like that's where you either just put your hands up and walk away or you're like, I want to figure this out.
01;08;01;00 - 01;08;05;25
Jake
I want to dive in deeper. I want to discover these things as much as possible.
01;08;05;27 - 01;08;11;17
Speaker 4
And I'd be lying also. So I don't know. Yeah, I don't know. For now or don't know ever.
01;08;11;22 - 01;08;12;06
Speaker 5
Yeah, who.
01;08;12;06 - 01;08;16;04
Speaker 4
Knows and be okay with that. Yeah because we can't know at all.
01;08;16;06 - 01;08;36;17
Speaker 2
It's kind of in our nature to have an end result from the beginning and have everything start kind of pointing towards that. So that way I it's kind of kind of in a way to glorify yourself in a way so that way we can say that I'm right. Yes, all your studies and experiments and everything points towards your original theory.
01;08;36;20 - 01;08;37;07
Speaker 5
Yeah.
01;08;37;09 - 01;08;39;00
Speaker 4
Confirmation bias. Yes.
01;08;39;07 - 01;08;46;06
Jake
Yeah. Which we're all guilty of to some level. But like, you know, that's where we have to push that boundary and.
01;08;46;08 - 01;09;01;24
Speaker 4
Let other people push it, too. Because, like, that's what I think getting around other people. Like, that's like we might not all agree on the same thing or whatever, but it's good to be like, Well, have you considered this? No. Okay, well, try it. See what.
01;09;01;27 - 01;09;15;01
Jake
I mean? It makes me wonder, like, it's kind of a ridiculous situation, but it, it makes me think because what if the science of archeology was limited by materialistic textbook explanations?
01;09;15;03 - 01;09;15;24
Speaker 5
What do you mean.
01;09;15;27 - 01;09;23;11
Jake
So archeology, you know, the digging up artifacts and like, looking at historical things.
01;09;23;11 - 01;09;23;28
Speaker 5
Yeah.
01;09;24;00 - 01;09;30;10
Jake
Like if they were limited to only naturalistic explanations, they'd have to explain why they found this.
01;09;30;12 - 01;09;31;15
Speaker 4
Like a building.
01;09;31;18 - 01;09;39;26
Jake
Yeah, this building, via naturalistic processes was like, How did this building come about? How did this foundation come about? How did this ceramic wall come about.
01;09;39;26 - 01;09;40;06
Speaker 5
Which.
01;09;40;12 - 01;09;55;08
Speaker 4
They you do a little bit when it's like this town was a myth and we found a corner of a building. It was probably natural. And then like ding, ding, ding started There's people down here. Yeah, well, it wasn't a myth. This is like an actual town, like.
01;09;55;10 - 01;10;09;06
Jake
Yeah, well, like they, they have to assume intelligent design and those things because we know that humans existed. So like, there's, like this precedent that, hey, agents, agencies existed so that we would expect to see past things from them.
01;10;09;07 - 01;10;10;22
Speaker 4
Right.
01;10;10;25 - 01;10;14;24
Jake
But that's not acceptable in any other science.
01;10;14;26 - 01;10;17;10
Speaker 4
Yeah.
01;10;17;13 - 01;10;46;28
Jake
But why? You know, like scientists themselves, many scientists believe that there are intelligences outside of Earth just by pure numbers game. So they're like, yeah, you know, there could be aliens out there. The problem is, hum, well, there's extra agencies like agency exists, we know it does. We are agents and we design things and we see things that seem to be designed, yet we're ruling out the explanation of design as a potential.
01;10;47;01 - 01;10;48;29
Speaker 4
It seems like unnecessary foolishness.
01;10;48;29 - 01;10;50;22
Jake
It probably does.
01;10;51;00 - 01;10;56;00
Speaker 4
With with zero religion built in. Yeah it just seems like unnecessary force.
01;10;56;04 - 01;11;12;02
Jake
And ultimately science suffers as a result because like when you shut down a road of explanation now now think now scientists is stifled. You think about some of the biggest breakthroughs in science. It was from radical thinkers who were thinking differently about the problem.
01;11;12;02 - 01;11;12;20
Speaker 5
Yeah.
01;11;12;22 - 01;11;20;26
Jake
It wasn't from people that were thinking about it like everyone else. It was from people who were like, What if it wasn't like any of that thing? But it was like this.
01;11;20;28 - 01;11;22;27
Speaker 4
If they put radium in their pockets.
01;11;22;29 - 01;11;56;03
Jake
that was a bad idea. But uranium. Yeah, like, you know, it's, it's, it's frustrating on some level because it's like, what are we missing out on? Because we're not even entertaining the idea that there's agency in life. Well, I mean, that wraps up this chapter. We are. So next month we are going to talk about our body specific.
01;11;56;05 - 01;12;19;26
Jake
So we brought the AI along to really talk about I more in detail in various aspects of our bodies where, you know, there's some reproduction aspects and digestion and all kinds of interesting things that are, you know, are designed to bodies. Yeah.
01;12;19;28 - 01;12;21;13
Speaker 4
So, so exciting.
01;12;21;15 - 01;12;22;27
Jake
It's actually a really interesting one.
01;12;22;27 - 01;12;24;03
Speaker 4
Yes, it is.
01;12;24;05 - 01;12;29;19
Jake
I should bring in some of the books that I have, like that one book that that guy wrote on.
01;12;29;22 - 01;12;31;15
Speaker 4
That has a son named Ransom.
01;12;31;17 - 01;12;34;18
Jake
No, that's something.
01;12;34;20 - 01;12;38;22
Speaker 4
the doctor and the engineer. Yeah. Yeah. are design bodies.
01;12;38;24 - 01;12;42;16
Jake
Yeah, that one. But there's another one thing. But. Okay, it does matter.